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外刊精读03 | 为什么消防栓没有水：洛杉矶大火暴露供水系统问题 ‘Completely Dry’: How Los Angeles Firefighters Ran Out of Water
Words 7040Read Time≈ 18 min
Jan 12, 2025
Jan 15, 2025
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原文：为什么消防栓没有水：洛杉矶大火暴露供水系统问题 - 纽约时报中文网
TIM ARANGO, MIKE BAKER, NICHOLAS BOGEL-BURROUGHS‣
周二，太平洋帕利塞德大火在该地区蔓延，一名消防员正在接入消防栓取水。 Philip Cheung for The New York Times
周二，太平洋帕利塞德大火在该地区蔓延，一名消防员正在接入消防栓取水。 Philip Cheung for The New York Times
Capt. Kevin Easton and his firefighting team had already spent hours battling an out-of-control fire sweeping through Los Angeles’s Pacific Palisades area, leaving gutted homes in its wake. Then, around midnight, their water lines started to sputter. Before long, the hydrants had run dry.
凯文·伊斯顿队长和他的消防队花了几个小时与席卷洛杉矶太平洋帕利塞德地区的失控大火搏斗，大火过后，房屋被烧得面目全非。在午夜左右，他们的水管出水变小。没过多久，消防栓就断水了。
Expressions
  1. battle an out-of-control fire 与失控大火搏斗
  1. sweep through 席卷
  1. Los Angeles’s Pacific Palisades area 洛杉矶太平洋帕利塞德地区
  1. leave gutted homes in hits wake 房屋被烧得面目全非
      2. gutted adj. seriously damaged or completely destroyed 严重受损的; 完全毁坏的
      • We drove slowly past the gutted buildings. 我们开车慢慢地经过一幢幢破败的楼房。
      leave (something) in (one's)/its wake
      To create or produce a lingering effect (usually a negative one) as a result of one's or something's actions or behavior.
      • The tornado left a trail of destruction in its wake.
      • The outspoken writer has embarked on a nationwide tour, and she has been leaving controversy in her wake so far.
      See also: leave, wake
  1. water line 水管
      2. waterline noun
    1. the waterline the level that water reaches on the side of a ship etc〔船的〕吃水线
        • Two torpedoes struck below the waterline. 两颗鱼雷击中船身吃水线以下。
    2. [sing.] the edge of a large area of water, especially the sea, where it joins the land水位，水位线:
        • As the waterline advanced, the vegetation was swamped. 随着水位线的前移，植被被淹没了
  1. sputter verb if something such as an engine or a fire sputters, it makes short soft uneven noises like very small explosions 发出 啪啪声，毕剥作响
  1. before long 没过多久
  1. hydrant noun 消防栓
      • Before long, they hydrants run dry. 没过多久，消防栓断水了。
“Completely dry — couldn’t get any water out of it,” said Captain Easton, who was part of a small, roaming patrol of firefighters who were trying to protect the community’s Palisades Highlands neighborhood. Even on Wednesday afternoon — hours after the hydrants had gone dry — there was still no water. Houses in the Highlands burned, becoming part of the more than 5,000 structures destroyed by the Palisades fire so far.
“完全干了，一点水也没有，”伊斯顿说，他的这支小型巡逻消防队正在努力保护帕利塞兹高地社区。直到周三下午，在消防栓干涸几个小时后，仍然没有水。高地的房屋被烧毁，成为迄今为止被帕利塞德大火摧毁的5000多座建筑物的一部分。
Expressions
  1. captain noun an officer of high rank in a US police or fire department（美国警察局的）副巡长；（美国消防署的）中队长
  1. a small roaming patrol of firefighters 小型巡逻消防队
Officials now say the storage tanks that hold water for high-elevation areas like the Highlands, and the pumping systems that feed them, could not keep pace with the demand as the fire raced from one neighborhood to another. That was in part because those who designed the system did not account for the stunning speeds at which multiple fires would race through the Los Angeles area this week.
官员们表示，随着大火从一个社区蔓延到另一个社区，为高地等高海拔地区蓄水的储水罐和抽水系统无法满足需求。这在一定程度上是因为，设计该系统的人没有考虑到本周洛杉矶地区多处火灾蔓延的惊人速度。
Expressions
  1. storage tank 储水罐
  1. high-elevation areas 高海拔地区
      2. elevation noun
    1. [countable, usually singular] (specialist) the height of a place, especially its height above sea level（某地方的）高程；（尤指）海拔
        • The city is at an elevation of 2 000 metres. 这座城市海拔 2 000 米。
    2. [countable] (formal) a piece of ground that is higher than the area around 高地；高处
  1. highland noun 高地 adj. 高地的
“We are looking at a situation that is just completely not part of any domestic water system design,” said Marty Adams, a former general manager and chief engineer at the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, which is responsible for delivering water to nearly four million residents of Los Angeles.
“我们正面临的情况完全不符合任何生活用水系统的设计，”洛杉矶水电局前总经理兼总工程师马蒂·亚当斯说。该局负责向洛杉矶近400万居民供水。
Municipal water systems are designed for firefighters to tap into multiple hydrants at once, allowing them to maintain a steady flow of water for crews who may be trying to protect a large structure or a handful of homes. But these systems can buckle when wildfires, such as those fueled by the dry brush that surrounds Los Angeles’s hillside communities, rage through entire neighborhoods.
市政供水系统是专为消防员同时接入多个消防栓而设计的，以便为试图保护大型建筑物或少数住宅的消防队保持稳定的水流。但是，当野火（例如洛杉矶山坡社区周围的干燥灌木引发的火情）肆虐整个社区时，这些系统就会出现问题。
Expressions
  1. municipal water system 市政供水系统
  1. firefighter 消防员
  1. crew [C]
  1. buckle
      2. [intransitive, transitive] to become bent, damaged or broken under a weight or force; to bend, damage or break something in this way（被）压垮，压弯
      原文翻译成了出现问题
  1. wildfires 野火
  1. hillside 山坡
周二，洛杉矶太平洋帕利塞德社区附近的山上升起火焰。 Philip Cheung for The New York Times
周二，洛杉矶太平洋帕利塞德社区附近的山上升起火焰。 Philip Cheung for The New York Times
As urban growth spreads into wilderness areas around the country and climate change brings more challenging fire conditions, an increasing number of cities have confronted a sudden loss of water available for firefighting, most recently in Talent, Ore.; Gatlinburg, Tenn.; and Ventura County, Calif.
随着城市发展向全国各地的荒野地区蔓延，以及气候变化带来更具挑战性的火灾情况，越来越多的城市面临着可用于消防的水突然减少的问题，最近在俄勒冈州的塔兰特、田纳西州的加特林堡以及加州文图拉县都出现了这种情况。
Expressions
  1. urban growth 城市发展
  1. firefighting 消防
  1. Talent, Ore 俄勒冈州的塔兰特
      2. Oregon /ˈɒrəɡən//ˈɔːrəɡən/ a state in the north-western US, also called the Beaver State. The largest city is Portland, and the capital city is Salem. Captain James Cook sailed along its coast in 1778, and Lewis and Clark visited the area in 1805. Oregon became a state in 1859. Its products include salmon and other fish, wood, paper, berries and nuts. Tourists can visit Crater Lake National Park, the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area and the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. 俄勒冈（美国西北部的州，最大城市波特兰，首府塞勒姆）
  1. Gatlinburg, Tenn 田纳西州的加特林堡
      2. Tennessee /ˌtenəˈsiː/ a south-eastern US state, also called the Volunteer State. It became a state in 1796 and later joined the Confederate States. Many Civil War battles were fought there. The largest city is Memphis and the capital city is Nashville. Tourist attractions include the Great Smoky Mountains, Graceland and the Grand Ole Opry. Its products include tobacco, cotton, chemicals, textiles and electrical goods. 田纳西（美国东南部的州，最大城市孟菲斯，首府纳什维尔）
      see also Tennessee Valley Authority
  1. Ventura County, Calif 加州文图拉县
 
The problem can be especially acute during high-wind conditions, like those Los Angeles experienced this week, when firefighting aircraft could not safely make their usual aerial drops of water and fire retardant.
这个问题在大风条件下尤其严重，本周的洛杉矶就是如此，消防飞机无法安全地进行通常的空中洒水和阻燃剂投放。
Expressions
  1. acute adj. /əˈkjuːt/ very serious or severe 十分严重的
  1. high-wind conditions 大风条件
  1. firefighting aircraft 消防飞机
  1. aerial drops of water 空中洒水
      2. aerial adj. /ˈeriəl/
    1. from a plane 从飞机上的
    2. in the air; existing above the ground 空中的；空气中的；地表以上的
  1. fire retardant noun 阻燃剂
      2. fire-retardant adjective /ˈfaɪə rɪtɑːdənt/ (also flame-retardant) [usually before noun] that makes a fire burn more slowly 阻燃的
      • The chair had fire-retardant covers. 这把椅子有防火罩。
In Louisville, Colo., as firefighters were nearing depletion of water supplies in 2022, crews took the extraordinary step of pushing untreated water through the system. In 2023, on the Hawaiian island of Maui, firefighters battling a wildfire found their hydrants running dry as flames churned through the community of Lahaina, killing 102 people in the country’s deadliest wildfire in more than a century.
2022年，在科罗拉多州路易斯维尔，当消防队员的供水即将耗尽时，工作人员采取了非常措施，将未经处理的水引入系统。2023年，与野火搏斗的消防员发现他们的消防栓已经干涸，火焰在拉海纳社区肆虐，造成102人死亡，成为美国一个多世纪以来最致命的野火。
Expressions
  1. Louisville, Colo. 科罗拉多州路易斯维尔
      2. Colorado /ˌkɒləˈrɑːdəʊ//ˌkɑːləˈrædəʊ/, /ˌkɑːləˈrɑːdəʊ/ a western US state, also called the Centennial State because it became a state 100 years after the Declaration of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Denver. It is popular with tourists and is famous for Aspen and other towns in the Rocky Mountains where people ski. The state's history includes the discovery of gold in 1858 and the cultural influences of Native Americans and Mexicans. 科罗拉多（美国西部的州，首府和最大城市丹佛） see also Pike's Peak
      Louisville /ˈluːivɪl/ the second largest city in the US state of Kentucky, on the Ohio River. It was settled in 1778 and named after King Louis XVI of France, and the University of Louisville was established in 1798. The US used the town as a military base during the Civil War. The Kentucky Derby is held in Louisville, and the city produces bourbon (= whisky made from corn grain), cigarettes, paint and household electrical items. 路易斯维尔（美国肯塔基州第二大城市，位于俄亥俄河畔）
  1. near depletion of water supplies 供水即将耗尽
  1. push untreated water through the system 将未经处理的水引入系统
  1. churn through the community 在社区肆虐
      2. churn verb [intransitive, transitive] if water, mud, etc. churns, or if something churns it (up), it moves or is moved around violently剧烈搅动；（使）猛烈翻腾
  1. Lahaina
      2. 拉海纳（Lahaina，在夏威夷语中意即「无情的太阳」）是美国夏威夷州茂宜县中最大的人口普查指定地区，位于茂宜岛西岸。
      拉海纳在1820年至1845年期间曾是夏威夷王国的首都，其后夏威夷迁都至檀香山；因此有不少历史古迹及建筑。1962年，拉海纳历史区（Lahaina Historic District）获登录为美国国家历史名胜。另外，拉海纳在19世纪时是全球捕鲸业的中枢，数以百计的船只会停泊在拉海纳的岸边。拉海纳的前街（Front Street）在2011年获美国规划协会评为「十佳街道」。
In that case, firefighters were confronted with many homes and pipes being destroyed simultaneously, causing water to gush across yards and streets when firefighters needed it in their hydrants.
在这种情况下，消防员要面对许多房屋和管道同时被毁的情况，在他们正需要使用消防栓时，水却在庭院和街道喷涌。
Expressions
  1. gush verb 喷涌，涌出
Municipal water systems like the one in Los Angeles are designed to handle heavy loads, including those from large fires that might require multiple fire trucks to tap into the system at the same time.
像洛杉矶这样的市政供水系统的设计需要处理极大负荷，包括可能需要多辆消防车同时接入系统的大型火灾。
Expressions
  1. fire truck 消防车 /ˈfaɪər trʌk/ (North American English) (also fire engine British and North American English) a special vehicle that carries equipment for fighting large fires 消防车；救火车
Getting water to the upper reaches of hillside communities like Pacific Palisades can be a challenge. There, water is collected in a reservoir that pumps into three high-elevation storage tanks, each with a capacity of about one million gallons. Water then flows by gravity into homes and fire hydrants.
把水送到太平洋帕利塞兹这样的山坡社区的顶部可能是一个挑战。在那里，水被收集在一个蓄水池中，再通过水泵输送到三个高位储水箱，每个储罐的容量约为100万加仑。然后水在重力作用下流入家庭和消防栓。
Expressions
  1. reservoir noun /ˈrezəvwɑː(r)/ 蓄水池；水库
But the pump-and-storage system was designed for a fire that might consume several homes, not one that would consume hundreds, said Mr. Adams, the former leader of the city’s water department.
但是，该市水务局前负责人亚当斯说，抽水存蓄系统考虑的是可能烧毁几户人家的火灾，而不是数百户人家。
Expressions
  1. pump-and-storage system 抽水存蓄系统
“If this is going to be a norm, there is going to have to be some new thinking about how systems are designed,” he said.
他说：“如果这将成为一种常态，就必须对如何设计系统有一些新的思考。”
消防员试图拯救太平洋帕利塞德长老会教堂。 Philip Cheung for The New York Times
消防员试图拯救太平洋帕利塞德长老会教堂。 Philip Cheung for The New York Times
Ahead of this week’s dangerous weather conditions, the storage tanks above Pacific Palisades and other hillside communities affected by the fires were filled to capacity, officials said. But as the Palisades fire spread on Tuesday, the first tank there was quickly depleted. Hours later, the second one was empty. The third one was drained by Wednesday morning.
官员们说，在本周危险的天气条件到来之前，太平洋帕利塞兹和其他受火灾影响的山坡社区上方的储水罐是满的。但随着周二帕利塞德大火的蔓延，那里的第一个储水罐很快就用光了。几个小时后，第二个也空了。第三个储水管在周三早上被抽干。
Janisse Quiñones, the chief executive and chief engineer at the city’s water department, said so much water was being pulled from the main water line during the fire that there was less water available to pump up toward the storage tanks.
该市水务局首席执行官兼总工程师亚尼塞·奎诺内斯表示，火灾期间，大量的水从主水管中被抽走，因此可供泵入储水罐的水越来越少。
Expressions
  1. chief engineer 总工程师
The supply of water ended up being only one of several challenges, as fire crews across Los Angeles County were overwhelmed by fires on so many fronts. In the Altadena area, where the Eaton fire burned through more than 13,000 acres and as many as 5,000 structures, firefighters also dealt with strains to the water system, but Chad Augustin, the chief of the nearby Pasadena Fire Department, said crews could not have stopped the fire’s early spread even with more water.
水的供应只是诸多挑战中的一个，整个洛杉矶县的消防人员都被众多前线的火灾压得喘不过气来。在阿尔塔迪纳地区，伊顿大火烧毁了超过5200公顷的土地，烧毁多达5000座建筑，那里的消防队员也面临供水系统紧张问题，但附近的帕萨迪纳消防局局长查德·奥古斯丁表示，即使有更多的水，消防人员也无法阻止火势在早期的蔓延。
 
“Those erratic wind gusts were blowing embers for multiple miles ahead of the fire, and that’s really what caused the rapid spread of this fire,” Chief Augustin said.
“那些不稳定的阵风把余烬吹到了大火前方几公里的地方，这才是导致火势迅速蔓延的真正原因，”奥古斯丁说。
Expressions
  1. erratic adj. /ɪˈrætɪk/ (often disapproving) not happening at regular times; not following any plan or regular pattern; that you cannot rely on 不规则的；不确定的；不稳定的；不可靠的
      2. synonym unpredictable
  1. wind gusts
      2. gust noun /ɡʌst/ a sudden strong increase in the amount and speed of wind that is blowing 一阵强风；一阵狂风
      • A gust of wind blew his hat off. 一阵狂风把他的帽子刮掉了。
      • The wind was blowing in gusts.狂风阵阵刮着。
截至周三傍晚，帕利塞德大火已烧毁5000多座建筑。 Loren Elliott for The New York Times
截至周三傍晚，帕利塞德大火已烧毁5000多座建筑。 Loren Elliott for The New York Times
Rick Caruso, the real estate developer and former candidate for Los Angeles mayor who served two stints as president of the Department of Water and Power, said he had a team of private firefighters deployed in Pacific Palisades on Tuesday night, helping to protect a major outdoor retail space he owns, Palisades Village, as well as some nearby homes.
参选过洛杉矶市长的房地产开发商里克·卡鲁索曾两次担任水电局负责人。他说，周二晚上，他在太平洋帕利塞兹投入了一支私人消防员队伍，帮助保护他拥有的大型户外零售空间“帕利塞兹村”，以及附近的一些住宅。
Expressions
  1. real estate developer 房地产开发商
  1. stint noun /stɪnt/ (+ adv./prep.) a period of time that you spend working somewhere or doing a particular activity 从事某项工作（或活动）的时间
      • He did a stint abroad early in his career. 他刚参加工作时在国外干过一段时间。
      • He hated his two-year stint in the Navy. 他憎恨在海军服役的那两年。
      • I’ve done my stint in the kitchen for today. 今天我已经做完了厨房里的工作。
All night, he said, the team was reporting that water was in short supply. He said it would take time to account for the supply problems, but suggested there appeared to be a shortfall in preparation.
他说，整个晚上，救援队都在报告水供应不足。他表示，解决供应问题需要时间，但他表示，准备工作似乎不足。
“The lack of water in the hydrants — I don’t think there’s an excuse,” he said.
“消防栓缺水——我认为这不是借口，”他说。
Expressions
  1. the lack of water in the hydrants 消防栓缺水
Traci Park, the Los Angeles City Council member whose district includes Pacific Palisades, said the city’s water systems were among several pieces of critically underfunded infrastructure.
洛杉矶市议会议员特蕾西·帕克的选区包括太平洋帕利塞兹，她说该市的供水系统是资金严重不足的基础设施之一。
Expressions
  1. underfunded adj. /ˌʌndərˈfʌndɪd/ (of an organization, a project, etc.机构、项目等) not having enough money to spend, with the result that it cannot function well 资金不足的；缺乏资金的
      • seriously/chronically underfunded 严重／长期缺乏资金
“There are environmental catastrophes waiting to happen everywhere with our water mains,” she said, adding that some were a century old. “As our city has grown, we haven’t upgraded and expanded the infrastructure that we need to support it.”
她说：“我们的水管需要应付到处发生的环境灾难，”她还说，有些水管已经有一个世纪的历史了。“随着城市的发展，我们还没有升级和扩大需要支持的基础设施。”
She also raised the issue of the complexity of battling fires that are inherently wildland blazes, sweeping into urban neighborhoods — with firefighters unable to take advantage of wildland firefighting resources, such as aerial drops, that would normally be available to them.
 
她还提出了一个复杂的问题，火灾本质上是野外火灾蔓延到城市社区，消防员无法利用空投等通常可以利用的野火灭火资源。
“Our firefighters were out there yesterday fighting a raging wildfire with fire engines and fire hydrants — that’s not how you fight a wildfire,” she said.
“我们的消防队员昨天在用消防车和消防栓扑灭一场肆虐的野火，这不是扑灭野火的方式，”她说。
Expressions
  1. fight a raging wildfire 扑灭一场肆虐的野火
      2. raging adj. (of natural forces自然力) very powerful 极其强大的；猛烈的
      • a raging storm 狂风暴雨
      • The stream had become a raging torrent. 小河变成了一条汹涌的急流。
      • The building was now a raging inferno. 这座大楼现在正烈焰熊熊。
  1. fire engine [C] 消防车
  1. fire hydrant [C] 消防栓
帕利塞德大火肆虐该地区时，高地社区的消防栓已完全断水。 Loren Elliott for The New York Times
帕利塞德大火肆虐该地区时，高地社区的消防栓已完全断水。 Loren Elliott for The New York Times
Greg Pierce, a researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles, who studies water resources and urban planning echoed the concerns over water systems that are designed for urban fires, not fast-moving wildfires. But redesigning water systems to allow firefighters to take on a broad wildfire would be enormously expensive, he said.
加州大学洛杉矶分校研究水资源和城市规划的研究员格雷格·皮尔斯也表达了对供水系统的担忧，这些系统是为城市火灾设计的，而不是为快速移动的野火设计的。但他说，重新设计供水系统以使消防员能够应对大面积的野火需要巨额资金。
 
Expressions
  1. water resources 水资源
  1. urban planning 城市规划
A more fundamental question, he said, is whether it’s a good idea to rebuild neighborhoods adjacent to wildlands, an issue that has been broadly debated across the West as climate change increases the frequency and intensity of fires on what is known as the wildland-urban interface.
他说，一个更根本的问题是，重建邻近野外的社区是否是个好主意。随着气候变化增加了所谓的荒地与城市交界地带发生火灾的频率和强度，这个问题在整个西部都引起了广泛的争论。
Expressions
  1. adjacent to 邻近
  1. wildland noun 荒地
  1. intensity noun [uncountable, countable] (specialist) the strength of something, for example light, that can be measured强度；烈度
  1. interface noun 交界地带
      2. interface (between A and B) the point where two subjects, systems, etc. meet and affect each other（两学科、体系等的）接合点，边缘区域 the interface between manufacturing and sales制造和销售之间的衔接
Captain Easton, the 19-year fire department veteran who helped battle the Pacific Palisades blaze, said that there were other complications in addition to water supply, such as delays in getting additional support crews from other areas to the scene.
帮助扑灭太平洋帕利塞德大火的伊斯顿在消防部门工作了19年。他说，除了供水之外，还有其他一些复杂的问题，比如从其他地区调来额外的支援人员的工作出现延误。
Expressions
  1. complication noun [countable, uncountable] a thing that makes a situation more complicated or difficult使更复杂化（或更困难）的事物
      2. 用来替换complex problems
  1. water supply 供水
Los Angeles’s water and power department had sent trucks with additional water tanks to the area, he said, but they were in stationary positions, meaning firefighters had to go retrieve the water and bring it back to the fire.
他说，洛杉矶的供水和电力部门已经派出装有额外水箱的卡车前往该地区，但它们的位置是固定的，这意味着消防员必须去取水并将其带回火场。
Expressions
  1. water and power department 供水和电力部门
  1. water tank [C] 水箱
  1. in stationary positions 位置是固定的
      2. stationary adj. /ˈsteɪʃəneri/ not moving; not intended to be moved 不动的；静止的；固定的；不可移动的
      • I remained stationary.我待着没动。
      opposite mobile
  1. retrieve the water 取水
      2. retrieve verb (formal) to bring or get something back, especially from a place where it should not be取回；索回
“That causes problems too, because you get 500 gallons of water and you’ve got a house that’s on fire, you knock it down a lot and then you’ve got to go back and get refilled,” he said.
“这也会造成问题，因为你有500加仑的水，面前是一座着火的房子，你刚把火压下去不少，然后又得回去重新装水，”他说。
Expressions
  1. gallon [C] 加仑 （液量单位，在英国、加拿大及其他一些国家约等于 4.5 升，在美国约等于 3.8 升，一加仑为四夸脱）
      • The tankers carried 130 000 gallons of fuel.这些油轮装载了13万加仑的燃料。
  1. on fire 着火
  1. knock fire down 把火压下去
  1. get refilled
      2. refill verb refill something (with something) to fill something again 再装满；重新装满
      • He refilled her glass.他又给她斟满了一杯。
      • She refilled the kettle with fresh water.她重新往壶里加满了新鲜水。
      • Our glasses were constantly refilled.我们的杯子不断被斟满。
      • She refilled his glass with red wine.她给他的杯子重新斟满红酒。
Tim Arango是报道国内新闻的记者。他常驻洛杉矶。点击查看更多关于他的信息。 Mike Baker是驻西雅图的国内新闻记者。点击查看更多关于他的信息。 Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs报道美国各地的全国性新闻，重点关注刑事司法。他来自纽约州北部。点击查看更多关于他的信息。 翻译：晋其角 点击查看本文英文版。

表达总结

火灾相关表达

  1. battle an out-of-control fire 与失控大火搏斗
  1. water line 水管
  1. hydrant noun 消防栓
      • the lack of water in the hydrants 消防栓缺水
  1. captain noun an officer of high rank in a US police or fire department（美国警察局的）副巡长；（美国消防署的）中队长
  1. a small roaming patrol of firefighters 小型巡逻消防队
  1. storage tank 储水罐
  1. municipal water system 市政供水系统
  1. firefighter 消防员
  1. wildfires 野火
  1. firefighting 消防
  1. acute adj. /əˈkjuːt/ very serious or severe 十分严重的
  1. high-wind conditions 大风条件
  1. firefighting aircraft 消防飞机
  1. aerial drops of water 空中洒水
  1. fire retardant noun 阻燃剂 adj. 阻燃的
  1. near depletion of water supplies 供水即将耗尽
  1. churn through the community 在社区肆虐
  1. push untreated water through the system 将未经处理的水引入系统
  1. fire truck/fire engine 消防车
  1. reservoir noun /ˈrezəvwɑː(r)/ 蓄水池；水库
  1. pump-and-storage system 抽水存蓄系统
  1. fight a raging wildfire 扑灭一场肆虐的野火
  1. water supply 供水
  1. water tank [C] 水箱
  1. water and power department 供水和电力部门
  1. retrieve the water 取水
  1. on fire 着火
  1. knock fire down 把火压下去
  1. get refilled 重新装满
  1. gallon [C] 加仑 （液量单位，在英国、加拿大及其他一些国家约等于 4.5 升，在美国约等于 3.8 升，一加仑为四夸脱）

美国地区

  1. Los Angeles’s Pacific Palisades area 洛杉矶太平洋帕利塞德地区
  1. Talent, Ore 俄勒冈州的塔兰特
  1. Gatlinburg, Tenn 田纳西州的加特林堡
  1. Ventura County, Calif 加州文图拉县
  1. Louisville, Colo. /ˈluːivɪl/ 科罗拉多州路易斯维尔
      2. Colorado /ˌkɒləˈrɑːdəʊ/
  1. Lahaina 拉海纳（在夏威夷语中意即「无情的太阳」，是美国夏威夷州茂宜县中最大的人口普查指定地区，位于茂宜岛西岸。）

其他表达

  1. battle an out-of-control fire 与失控大火搏斗
  1. leave gutted homes in hits wake 房屋被烧得面目全非
  1. sputter verb if something such as an engine or a fire sputters, it makes short soft uneven noises like very small explosions 发出 啪啪声，毕剥作响
  1. before long 没过多久
  1. high-elevation areas 高海拔地区
  1. highland noun 高地 adj. 高地的
  1. buckle
  1. hillside 山坡
  1. urban growth 城市发展
  1. gush verb 喷涌，涌出
  1. chief engineer 总工程师
  1. erratic adj. /ɪˈrætɪk/ (often disapproving) not happening at regular times; not following any plan or regular pattern; that you cannot rely on 不规则的；不确定的；不稳定的；不可靠的
  1. gust noun /ɡʌst/ a sudden strong increase in the amount and speed of wind that is blowing 一阵强风；一阵狂风
  1. real estate developer 房地产开发商
  1. stint noun /stɪnt/ (+ adv./prep.) a period of time that you spend working somewhere or doing a particular activity 从事某项工作（或活动）的时间
  1. underfunded adj. /ˌʌndərˈfʌndɪd/ (of an organization, a project, etc.机构、项目等) not having enough money to spend, with the result that it cannot function well 资金不足的；缺乏资金的
  1. water resources 水资源
  1. urban planning 城市规划
  1. adjacent to 邻近
  1. wildland noun 荒地
  1. intensity noun [uncountable, countable] (specialist) the strength of something, for example light, that can be measured强度；烈度
  1. interface noun 交界地带
  1. complication noun [countable, uncountable] a thing that makes a situation more complicated or difficult使更复杂化（或更困难）的事物
  1. in stationary positions 位置是固定的
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